Electoral Institutions
We investigate the causal impacts of electoral institutions such as compulsory voting and direct democracy.
Direct Democracy
Direct democracy provides a significant barrier to naturalization, especially for marginalized immigrant groups.
Resources
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Compulsory voting mobilizes citizens at the bottom of the income distribution and significantly increases electoral support for leftist policy positions in referendums.
A move from closed-list to open-list competition is likely to be more favorable to parties with more internal disagreement on salient issues.
Compulsory voting increases political participation in direct democracies. The effect disappears as soon as voting is no longer compulsory.